Canister is a pollution control device used mainly in
gasoline fuel tanks to prevent the vapors of the fuel escape from the tank. Gasoline
gets easily vaporized, and evaporated gasoline can increase the emissions
because it is a mixture of hydrocarbons (HC) which is harmful for both
environment and humans. This system is also known as Evaporative Emission Control System (EVAP) or fuel vapor canister or carbon
canister.
Fuel vapor canisters were first used in the mid-1970s and it
significantly reduced the HC emissions. Gases escaping from the tank or engine
result in HC emissions.
To prevent the evaporated fuel to escape unburned, fuel vapor
canister is used to trap all the vapors and then store and use it later when
the engine is switched ON. A fuel vapor canister only works when the engine is
OFF.
Design of Canister:
There is an inlet port and an outlet port. The canister is
filled with charcoal. The charcoal traps the gas and then sends it out via the
outlet port. When the gasoline vaporizes, the vapors from the tank escape
through a vent line and then reach the canister through the inlet port. The outlet
port is connected to a purge valve which prevents the fuel from entering the
inlet manifold unless the engine is switched ON.
A carburetor vent line is provided for the fuel bowl in the
carburetor. The fuel in the carburetor bowl will vaporize when the temperature
rises. The vaporized fuel is supplied to the canister through the carburetor
vent line.
The canister is provided with a purge air line at the bottom
which allows the air from the atmosphere to enter the canister and form a
fuel-air mixture.
Working of a Fuel
Vapor Canister:
The evaporated gases reach the canister through the vent
port and reach the carbon canister. The gases are trapped inside due to its
properties to trap hydrocarbons. The gases are stored in the canister. When the
engine is switched ON, suction is created in the intake manifold which prompts
the purge valve to open and this allows the air to be sucked inside the
canister through an air filter. The air from the purge air line pushes the gasoline
vapors from the canister to the intake manifold. The air-fuel mixture is then
supplied and burned inside the combustion chamber. The canister stops working
when the engine is switched ON. Fuel vapor canister can only be used in a
vehicle having a carburetor.
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