1. Biodiesel:
Biodiesel is fatty acid esters which are created through cracking of vegetable oils or greases and then converted with methanol or ethanol. If mixed with methanol, it creates fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) and if mixed with ethanol, it creates fatty acid ethyl ester (FAEE). The molecules of biodiesel are similar to diesel fuel in terms of size and properties.
Production of Biodiesel:
Biodiesel are produced from vegetable oils or animal fats. Europe primarily uses rape oil. Soybean oil and palm oil can also be used to produce biodiesel. Esterification of oil is carried out with either methanol or ethanol. Since methanol helps in simpler esterification, it is preferred more over ethanol. Therefore fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) is primarily used worldwide as an alternative biodiesel.
Since methanol is produced from coal, FAME is strictly not fully biogenous. FAEE on the other hand is made up of 100% biomass. The properties of biodiesel are determined by many factors. Different vegetable oils have different composition of fatty acid blocks. The type and quantity of unsaturated fatty acid blocks have decisive influence on the stability of biodiesel. The quality also depends on the pre-treatment of vegetable oils and the production process of biodiesel.
The quality of biodiesel varies from the regular diesel fuel, since biodiesel consists of fatty acid esters which are polar and chemically reactive. Diesel fuel on the other hand is an inert and nonpolar mixture of paraffins and aromatic compounds.
Use of Biodiesel in vehicles:
Pure biodiesel (B 100) is used especially in Germany in commercial vehicles. The higher mileage ensures fast consumption, which ensures problems with insufficient oxidation stability to be avoided. It is more favourable to use biodiesel in a blend with conventional diesel fuel. The trend is towards small mixtures of 93% diesel and 7% biodiesel (B 7).
The presence of biodiesel in diesel fuel provides lubrication and hence additional lubricative additives are not required. In the case of higher biodiesel content in the diesel-biodiesel mixture (above B 30), the higher boiling point of fuel can cause it to escape to the engine oil via condensation on the cylinder walls.
2. Rape Oils:
Rape oil can be used in older engines, especially those fitted with inline pumps. It is an inexpensive fuel, but increases emissions and also risks of engine failures.
Limitations:
Rape oil has high density and viscosity and is highly volatile in nature compared to diesel fuel. Direct usage of rape oil affects fuel supply at low temperatures due to the formation of residues on injector nozzles by thermal coking.
3. Bioparaffins:
Bioparaffins are produced from fats and oils by means of hydrogentaion. Hydrogenation with hydrogen results in cracking of fats and oils, during which the oxygen atoms and other unsaturated bonds are removed. Long chain alkanes are created from fatty acids, while the glycerin is converted into propane gas. The end result is hydrocarbon molecules with better properties for combustion than biodiesel.
The product properties of bioparaffins are far greater than biodiesel. It is also more cost effective than biodiesel to produce bioparaffins because hydrogenation process can take place in petroleum refineries.
4. Synthetic Fuels:
Synthetic fuels are produced from individual chemical blocks. Coal, natural gas or biomass can be thermally converted into synthetic gas made up of carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen. Linear, straight chain hydrocarbons, n-paraffins are then produced from CO and hydrogen on Fischer-Tropsch catalysts. Further, isomerization can improve the quality of synthetic fuel, particularly its low temperature resistance.
Synthetic fuels are also called second generation fuels as its production process differs from the common hydrogenation or esterification process on oils and fats.
Fischer-Tropsch synthesis can produce a wide variety of other components such as short chain gasoline, kerosene, diesel paraffins, waxes. The composition of synthetic diesel fuels can be varied on the demands of the diesel engine with the help of catalysts of our choice.
The synthetic fuels produced by Fischer-Tropsch synthesis are purely aromatic and sulphur free. They also have a high cetane number. The density of synthetic fuel is lesser than the conventional diesel fuel at 800 kg/㎥.
Due to its lower HC, nitrogen oxide and CO emissions, it is above all other fuels available in the market.
5. Dimethyl Ether:
Dimethyl ether is a combustible and explosive gas produced from methanol. The boiling point of dimethyl ether is -25℃ at 1 bar. It has a cetane number of roughly 55 and on burning in engine produces low soot and nitrogen oxide emissions.
Dimethyl ether has low density and high oxygen content, leading to a low calorific value. We would also need a modified and complicated low pressure fuel injection system to inject the gas. We also need a pressure proof fuel tank.
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